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The adult Chiffchaffs in spring and summer have brownish-grey upperparts, sometimes with non-plain olive or greenish tinge, best expressed on the rump. The supercilium is light (grayish-yellow or pale-buffy). The flight and tail feathers are brownish with greenish or grayish edges; the wing bars are absent. The underparts are whitish buffy-brown tinged on the craw, breast, flanks and undertail; on western races with dimmer yellow longitudinal spots. The bill is dark-brownish, legs are black or dark-brown. The Chiffchaff is resemble the Willow Warbler but is well distinguished by the black legs and dark bill. In fresh plumage the greenish or greenish-olive tone of the upperparts are well expressed. Juveniles in first autumn plumage is slightly brighter than adults in fresh plumage. The greyer eastern subspecies Siberian Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus (collybita) tristis) is sometimes considered to be a full species and has a very distinct call and song

Biology

The Chiffchaff is abundant, in places common breeding migrant. It inhabits the forest skirts with bushes and the open places with the meadow-steppe vegetation; on plains and in mountings, from 500-700 up to 2800-3000 m. On migration it occurs on the fields (sunflower especially), in the forest-belts, gardens, xerophytic mountains without forest vegetation and in thickets of tall weeds. It appears in the end February – early March (latest in mid-April) in south of Kazakhstan, and in the end March – early April in northern areas. It migrates mainly in flocks of 25-40 birds, but sometimes in small groups and in pairs. It breeds in separate pairs not close one to another. Nest is built by female (male escort it) in bush (deciduous or juniper), tall grass, rare in pine or on the ground under the grass; nest is built from the thin twigs, grass and rootlets and is lined with hair and vegetation fluff. Clutches of 4-5 eggs found in first decade of April – mid-July. Female incubates 13-16 days, both parents feed nestling, which fledge at 12-14 days old, in first decade of June – end August. The long breeding period is explained not only by the phenology on different altitudes, but also by the replaced breeding after losing of the first clutch, and the rearing of two broods per year in some places. Broods disperse on some time then joined in flocks; and in end August – September birds start to migrate in flocks of 20-50 birds. In Ural valley birds migrate in October mainly. In small numbers it winters in some places of southern Kazakhstan.

References

"Птицы Казахстана" том 4. "Наука", Алма-Ата. 1972. Gavrilov E. I., Gavrilov A. E. "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty, 2005. Э.И.Гаврилов. "Фауна и распространение птиц Казахстана". Алматы, 1999. В.К.Рябицев. "Птицы Урала, Приуралья и Западной Сибири". Екатеринбург, Изд-во Уральского университета, 2000.